How Should Social Networks Be Utilized in the Workplace?

How could these social networking sites be a threat to a company’s security? In today’s world it seems the human race could not live without information technology in the workplace. More importantly, social networks like Facebook and Twitter are becoming very popular tools for business development in today’s world. There are dozens of social network sites and more popping up every day. It is astounding the number of hours that people waste on such sites.Updating, checking in and sending out bits and blurbs about every little aspect of one's life seems cheap. More astounding than individuals wasting time on these things is that businesses are also wasting time on them. Actual megabuck businesses are in on the whole social networking shtick. The challenge for the business world is how to utilize these social networks effectively and safely. The value of social networks and how they can benefit businesses has been in question recently.Also in question is do these so cial networks create a security risk with employees conveying possibly privileged information to a friend or relative through Facebook or Twitter. How does a company prevent potential security risks? They have to block social networking sites or grant limited access to specific departments. Metro Business College prevents students from accessing social networking sites on school computers but allows faculty and staff to access from their desk computers.Metro’s reasoning is students should be at school to learn, not stare at Facebook all class period. The question then is not are these sights a security risk but rather are these sites a huge time suck for employees which creates a reduction in productivity? The biggest risk a company a company faces is how employees that utilize these sights can make their company look and what effects it could possibly have on their reputation. How social networking can tarnish the reputation of a company or enhance it. Unfortunately, there i s a downside to social networking.It is essentially an open forum and anyone can say and post anything on a company’s page. For the most part, it is potentially dangerous to a company’s reputation. Due to this fact, a company’s networking site should have limited access when it pertains to posting information. Take, for instance, a recent report on The Springfield Brewery in Springfield, Missouri. The social media specialist posted a humorous joke to its Facebook page and unfortunately it was met with several disgruntled comments. Several customers stated they would never â€Å"step foot n the restaurant again†. [ (Pettit, 2013) ] It is bad press such as that over such a small comment that could potentially destroy a company. On the other hand there are companies like Tupperware that use social networking internally to boost the pride employees have for the company, the attachment an employee feels and fun an employee has while at work. [ (Huy, 2012) ] Af ter adopting these social media concepts the turnover rate fell by fifteen percent and a webcast created new sales of $700,000 in just three days. (Huy, 2012) ] Sometimes social media can create opportunities for companies that they normally would not have and it is the companies that are willing to evolve and understand the importance of social networking that will survive. Another company that utilizes social networking site is Metro Business College they found that websites such as Facebook and Twitter can be excellent recruiting tools and also they are useful to keep track of their student body and possibly help them if they have issues with homework or even personal problems.Social networking can be an invaluable tool to an organization if utilized properly and monitored by administrators to prevent potentially damaging posts or comments. How to make social networking work for the greater good of the company LinkedIn can be a valuable tool. Resumes can be posted there which can be utilized by human resources departments for recruiting purposes. Potential employees post their profiles there, which also can be utilized by the human resources department to check the character of a potential recruit. Slovensky, 2012) Some companies are requiring potential employees to provide human resources access to their Facebook pages so they can see the character of the candidate. Companies post jobs on networking sites like LinkedIn and Facebook which can benefit other companies to view how their competition is doing, if they are posting new positions then that company is most likely in a state of growth. People looking for jobs are on these sights and they provide all the information a potential employer needs to make an informed hiring decision.When it comes to professional social networking, LinkedIn is the most successful site of its kind. It is better than Facebook or Twitter because it eliminates the everyday social aspect, including the posting of how one’ s morning breakfast made them feel and the LOLs. Another benefit of LinkedIn is that all discussions and groups are moderated. Nonsense is kept to a minimum. Rarely does one have to deal with spam or irritation there. It is a safe haven for serious social networking, for serious business connection building and for serious relationship building.However, there are benefits to using networking sites like Facebook as well. After all, Facebook does have 175 million members according to an article called Inside Facebook written in 2009. Maintaining the strategic advantage through e-business and social networking The questions a company must ask are:  To how many social networks do you belong? How valuable are they to you? If they went away tomorrow, would you feel any impact to your business? A simple answer is that individuals should choose one or two professional networks and farm those like any other social networking situation.Leave the shot gunning to the amateurs. Make connection s that count. 10,000 â€Å"Likes† do not mean anything if they are not buying, reading, recommending or influencing. Companies should not waste your time with such pursuits. The return on investment is not high enough. Mass mailings do not work. Certain types of advertising just do not work for some businesses. Building relationships with clients is the most important aspect of any business and that is best done through human contact not a mass email.Do not rely on flash-in-the-pan online social networks to build your business. Clients and potential clients like to know that there's a 98. 6 degree hand on the other end of those messages and not a piece of software. It might sound old-fashioned and outdated but there is nothing like true social networking to build a business. A company builds a business through building relationships. Studies have shown that relying on social networks to create strong ties actually has the opposite effect and instead weakens them.Facebook is a good example of a social networking site that creates weak ties (Jennifer, 2010). Instead of creating direct networks among its participants, the social networking site creates sub-networks. With no direct link to the company or the issue at hand it can create weaker ties and a customer that does not show as much company loyalty. (Slovensky, 2012) In the end it does not matter how the company views social networking but how the customer base views that company’s use of these social networking sites.If they are well monitored and provide password protected use for a limited amount of employees then it can be beneficial. However, the biggest issue most companies face is that one instance when something is posted that causes a security breach or something is posted that hurts the company’s reputation. They then have to answer the question, what do we do next? Social networking is not going anywhere in fact it is growing everyday with new sites popping up all of the time and companies that want to survive will need to get on board.References Huy, Q. &. (2012). The key to social media success within organizations. MIT SLoan Management Review , 54 (1), 73-81. Jennifer, S. (2010). Planning in the age of facebook: the role of social networking in planning processes. GeoJournal , 75 (5), 407-420. Slovensky, R. &. (2012). Should human resource managers use social media to screen job applicants? managerial and legal issues in the USA. Ifno: The Journal of Policy, Regulation and Strategy for Telecommunications, Information and Media , 14 (1), 55-69.

Real Life Situation

My Real Life Situation Back home, I was working as a teaching assistant ,and still is, with limited authorities. At the end of the semester, we usually have the finals week. Our department starts to fall apart as usual, the schedule was a mess; in one day we have 4 exams and on the other day none. It’s a typical end of the semester when all this madness happens , and we struggle every semester to find a solution. This usually happens because of our head department lack of attention or lack of management skills due to his soft personality.I talked to him and asked him if I can step up and fix it once and for all by bringing a standard test schedule that can last for many semesters where no proctors/students will face any troubles in terms of knowing their schedule and the classes . after a long discussion with the head department, he finally decided to give me his permission. I knew that this was my chance to show him my sense of leadership. So I started to define my strategy a nd how am I going to solve this problem.I put a list for all courses and the name of professors whom are teaching it, then ,I put a second list with all the classes rooms In the building, furthermore, I put a third list with all the proctors names that we have in staff . Finaly , I organized the schedule besd upon the priority and student /proctors necessity. I gathered the staff and show them the new changes in a theme that show how simple the procedure will be in the future if we followed the new enhanced schedule. ven thought we had some disagreements in terms of proctors duties and dates, I managed to solve them and at the end every one know his responsibility and was pleased with the solution . My university is stil using my planned schedule and never made any changes in the past three years which means that my plans worked flawlessly . In this dilemma I used a persuasive technique to persuade the committee about how importnant is to have a standerd agenda for future years whic h can help students to prepare ahead to their tests and for proctors to know their duties upfront .I explained also to the committee that I added a pack up plan for proctos in case one of them had to take a day off or missed a test day for personal excuse by easy switch from one proctor to another which defintly worked to my benefit and their agreement. In conclusion, I learned that Good listening is essential for good management so listening to others opinions and suggestions will help you to reach a full agreement thus gaining the respect from others because of paying attention to their needs.

Matching Cube Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Matching Cube Analysis - Essay Example The matching cube depicted above shows the comparison of different personality traits which are common or different in me and my spouse. We are living a very healthy life because of the fact that we have inculcated the fact that the trust and sacrifice are the most important traits in any relationship. If we will become itchy and problematic in every matter, there will be no coexistence and the relationship will come to breakup very soon. Me and my spouse have been living a healthy life for past two years and despite of all the problems that are common in every relationship, we have dealt with every issue and there is no serious problem that is challenging our relationship. There are many factors that are matching in our relationship. Physical attraction is the first and foremost common trait that is increasing our love bond. My spouse has a very healthy body and a good height of 5’ 10†. She is weighing around 132lbs which is totally perfect according to her BMI. I have a height of around 6’2† and my weight is around 165lbs which is almost according to the BMI. There is also a great love bond between me and her because of the perfect physical matching. Our needs are satisfied and we both look forward to increase the love relationship. Physical attraction with each otter gives us a chance to be confident all the time and my attention never deviates from her to other women because of her beauty. Similarly she is also very happy because of my physical attraction and we always feel sexually attracted to each other even after years of relationship with each other. The political ideology and interests are also a great match between us because of the fact that I am also of the favor of the secular system in which the religion and politics don’t have to overlap and my spouse is also of the view that the religion and politics must be segregated. This gives us a great chance to work for the same cause because we spend our time together di scussing these issues with each other and we also work on a website t promote this ideology. There is also an increased love bond between each other because of the social thinking we have developed for the political system in our country as she is also from a well educated background. Spiritual factor is also a great match between me and my spouse. we both belong to Christian background ( catholic) and we go to church every now and then to refresh our faith. This gives us chance to come close to God and each other. The spiritual factors give a great sense of responsibility and soothing to us. Me and my spouse are from well educated background and this gives a great advantage for us to come close to each other. There is no communication gap between us and put thinking perspectives are matching most of the time. Educated background gives us a chance to share the same feelings and thoughts about different events happening around us. As far as the differences are concerned, there are ma ny, and differences are a beauty of any relationship because humans are prone to get bored of the monotonous routines. If there will be no differences, we will not get any chance to learn new things and ideologies. Me and my spouse have different interest for example when I am watching cricket on TV, She always insists to change the channel and switch on different soaps and talk shows whereas I get always bored of the talk shows. But we never tend to

Summry Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Summry - Assignment Example The front view is shown as full section. This kind of section is advantageous when the object is symmetrical about a centre line. Here, full section view may not be necessary. In this case, a half sectional view is drawn as a front view which shows internal details of half the component. In cases where full information cannot be obtained if the section is taken along the centre line, offset section is used. To obtain full details the cutting plane is offset by 90 degrees to pass through all the holes and slots. The advantage of this section lies where there are elongated parts of the object are also present. This is used to show the transverse section of one part of object. The cutting plane is shown in section by cutting in a direction perpendicular to the longitudinal axis. An adjacent view is obtained by rotating the cut section by 90 degrees. The Disadvantage of this kind of section is that when too many parts are present then using this section view may get complicated. In such cases, removed section proves to be advantageous as the section are shown removed from the front view located adjacently. This kind of sectional view has its own advantage as it does not use a cutting plane at all. Instead, the section view is shown with the front view and a jagged line is used to show the break. Hence, one may chose to break the object any way which helps showing the full internal details. The disadvantage of this view is that it may some how become difficult to decide how to introduce the break. In case, the object has elongated parts, the application of this section may become very

Abnormal family Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Abnormal family - Essay Example , this easy examines the various problems that women face all over the world such as relationship issues in marriage, their happiness, fertility issues, self identity, and freedom. I would like to thank my dear mother who took care of me and encouraged me to follow my dream of being a writer, despite being a woman. Notwithstanding all the problems she went through for educating her girl child, she was able to educate me to university level, and study the course of my dream. Thanks to all mothers out there who have done the same for their children in order to create a better world. Furthermore, I thank all female organizations that have purposed to educate women on the importance of fighting for their rights in relationships and independence. In the novel, the two women Jane and Akiko live in different parts of the world, but are connected by a cooking TV show known as ‘The American Wife’, which shows American housewives making wholesome American meat dishes (Ozeki 8). The show is produced by Jane the filmmaker, while Akiko watches it and prepares the meat dishes to her husband, but she runs to the bathroom to throw up. However, according to (Ozeki 12), the meat is used as a metaphor, in which the cows refers to women, chattel to wives, the meat or flesh refers to the bodies of women, as well as the sexual and the irreducible element of human identity. The television is used metaphorically to refer to the meat market, and Jane represents the physical image of the American housewives that satisfy the needs of the Japanese TV consumers. The year of meats is makes a deductive argument by highlighting lesbianism issues in the society. People in the society usually have negative attitudes towards people who are not heterosexual mainly in terms of relationships, identity and community. This is called homophobia and mainly leads to discrimination of such people. It occurs in terms of workplace discrimination, physical attacks, and homophobic jokes among others.

Evaluate the causes, consequences and lessons from the Cuban missile Essay - 1

Evaluate the causes, consequences and lessons from the Cuban missile crisis - Essay Example In world history and state politics, it is known under the name of the Caribbean crisis. The root cause of all the postwar conflict â€Å"between the USSR and the United States was a "cold war," started between the West and the East shortly after the Second World War† (J Blight, and D. Welch 1990). It is known that, according to historical and reference literature, this term designates the state of military-political confrontation between countries or groups of countries, at which arms race is used, various measures of economic pressure are applied (the embargo, the economic blockade, etc.) and organization of strategic military bases and staging grounds is performed. The Cold War was actively unleashed in 1949 and was discontinued in the second half of the 80's - early 90's of the XX century. It turned out that the hopes for "Big Three" postwar cooperation were ruined because of the mutual desire of the former anti-fascist coalition to rebuild the world in accordance with the ir â€Å"image and likeness† (J Blight, and D. Welch 1990). Germany partition between the former allies was not conflict-free. On April 4, 1949 the Atlantic Pact signing ceremony took place in Washington. The Soviet Union worked actively on its own power consolidation. In Eastern Europe and China there were pro-communist regimes established. The Council for Mutual Economic Assistance and military bloc "Warsaw Pact" appeared under the auspices of the Soviet Union. There were too many reasons for the Cold War start. But the main reason was the mankind, especially the great powers, unwillingness to create a system of international relations based on equality and cooperation. Force still remained the main principle of world politics organization. The Great powers, primarily the USA and the USSR, could not give up their imperial techniques of national interests’ protection, which were the capture of spheres of influence and unequal treaties imposition. Since there were no h istorical conditions for other way, the cold war was inevitable. Certainly, that epoch was accompanied with the periods of stabilization, relapse, and "warming". Thus, the 1949-1953 was a period of acute onset, 1953-1957 - the time of Cold War stabilization, 1957-1962 - entered the history of international relations as a time of conflicts, 1962 -1978 is considered to be a time of â€Å"detente† (Gregory B. Marfleet 256-257). It seemed that during the period from 1957 till 1962 the world leaders acted in accordance with the principle of â€Å"we need more deep and different conflicts†. Geography of crisis conflicts was Berlin, Cuba, Algeria, Congo, Lebanon and Taiwan. The conflicts of the interblock ground (Berlin and Cuba), were extremely acute. The following facts suggest that both sides - East and West, the USSR and the U.S were responsible for the â€Å"Cold War† epoch. â€Å"The source of the Cuban missile crisis was the events of January, 1959, when the gu errilla war on the island of Cuba ended with the fall of pro-American regime (J Blight, and D. Welch 1990)†. Then the revolutionary-nationalist forces came to power in Cuba. Rebel leader Fidel Castro led a new government. His primary task, according to his assessment, was Cuban independence and social reforms. The implementation of his plans stumbled upon the U.S. repulse, which had its considerable property on the island. Castro implemented the property

Serotonin Ecstasy Drug MDMA (3-4-methylenedioxymethampheta-mine), Research Paper

Serotonin Ecstasy Drug MDMA (3-4-methylenedioxymethampheta-mine), - Research Paper Example It was termed as a youth epidemic and many cases of MDMA drug abuse were reported among youngsters. Following media reports and fatal cases of MDMA drug overdose, the drug was banned in 1985 in the US. Ecstasy has both beneficial and harmful effects. The question as to whether its benefits outweigh its harmful effects is yet to be answered. Research on the therapeutic benefits of ecstasy in humans is still in progress. The use of ecstasy is illegal and those found with the drug are heavily penalized or even jailed. This paper attempts to understand whether the criminalization and banning of the drug is justified. It argues that the drug can be exploited for various therapeutic uses and that it will do more good if released for public use. The paper further goes on to assert that criminalization of the drug is doing more harm than good. MDMA or ecstasy was first synthesized by Anton Kà ¶llisch in a Merck laboratory in 1912 (Ebitler para. 2). It was an intermediate product used in the manufacture of hydrastinine. It was patented by Merck in 1913 as a slimming agent or appetite suppressor but was not marketed by the company (IDMU para. 1). It was later used by Max Oberlin to induce adrenaline-like effects in animals. By the 1960s, it became known as the love drug because it was effective in inducing a â€Å"sense of empathy† and â€Å"deep introspective thought†, apart from â€Å"heightening the senses† (Ebitler para. 3). The effects of the drug were recorded in a book called Pihkal by Alexander Shulgin, who experimented with the drug himself (Ebitler). He recommended the potential therapeutic uses of the drug to his friend Leo Zeff, who was a psychotherapist. Soon, the drug became popular among psychotherapists for being beneficial in psychedelic therapy and in facilitating better diagnosis and treatment of psychiatric patients,

Truth and Truth Telling Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Truth and Truth Telling - Essay Example Trust is a mutual aspect. In many instances, the mutual trust is lost. For instancem the hospital management loses trust in their staff, physicians loose trust in the nurses or even the patients loses trust in the entire staff. In all these cases the ultimate goal of treating a patient completely is hampered. The author emphases that trust involve both confidence and reliance. In the medical profession truth telling mainly relies on the aftermath or the consequence. For instance, if truth telling is good, or gives hope to a patient, then it is considered that a partial truth of a complete lie is ok. This is the view of Utilitarians. On the other hand a Deontologist would emphasis on telling truth regardless of the out come. The author quotes that truth is a statement or belief that corresponds to reality. Here the partial knowledge or a partial lie which is used is considered as a complete lie. The author illustrated this by giving two examples and how it can have an impact on the person on the opposite side. It is very essential to be truthful completely. The rationale or the reason for truth telling is emphasized in Bible and Quran. Lying is morally wrong and diminishes social trust. Truth telling is one of the most important tools in decision making and produces long term benefits rather than harm.

Evaluate consequences of global warming Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Evaluate consequences of global warming - Essay Example Thesis Statement: The purpose of this paper is to investigate the consequences of global warming; its adverse impacts on the earth’s ecological system, and consequently on human, plant and animal life. The leading theory on global warming is that human industrial activity over the last century is the root cause of global warming, since it has been causing carbon dioxide emission into the atmosphere. Similarly, modes of transportation such as cars and buses increase the emission levels. Further, the burning of fossil fuels and clearing of forests result in production of carbon dioxide and other heat-trapping gases, which remain in the atmosphere for several decades and even centuries (Behreandt, 2006). The accumulated gas prevents heat in the atmosphere from escaping into space, and the retained gas causes rise in the environmental temperature, termed as the greenhouse effect. This causes greater retention of heat by the earth, because carbon dioxide absorbs the earth’s heat radiation and acts like a blanket over the earth’s surface (Houghton, 2004). The rise in atmospheric warming activates natural processes that cause increasing release of greenhouse gases. Michaels (2005, p.50) states that â€Å"planetary near surface temperature has increased by approximately 1.5 degrees centigrade over the past century, and will continue at a higher rate for the next century†. The United Nation’s Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the American Meteorological Society, the American Geophysical Union, and the American Association for the Advancement of Science agree that â€Å"greenhouse gases accumulating in the earth’s atmosphere as a result of human activities, cause surface air temperatures and subsurface ocean temperatures to rise† (Behreandt, 2006, p.10). The melting of ice from high altitudes and glaciers alters unique landscapes,

Exam question Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Exam question - Essay Example Furthermore, overseas empires were created for the sake of prestige since during this period; most of the main European powers rivaled one another on the continent. The main European powers, such as Britain, France, Spain and the Netherlands, as a result of their rivalry on the European continent, sought to show their superiority overseas and this is the reason why such nations as Spain developed huge empires in the Americas and in Asia. Anti-Semitism had a long history in Europe and it had developed over the centuries to become one of the bases upon which most of the views concerning Jews in European society were made. The Dreyfus Affair was one of the most blatant shows of anti-Semitism to be displayed in nineteenth century Europe and this is mainly because of the fact that most of the accusations made against Dreyfus were false. The Dreyfus Affair was mainly driven by the feelings of humiliation that France still felt over the loss of Alsace and Lorraine to Germany in 1871 and it is for this reason that Alfred Dreyfus, a Jewish officer in the French Army, came to serve as a useful scapegoat. One of the main reasons for the development of the accusations of treason against him was because he was a Jew from Alsace and his Jewishness alone made him a culprit in the eyes of the law and the state. The belief that Jews were a treacherous people made it people for a significant part of the French public to believe the a ccusations against him. Many European nations can be blamed for the occurrence of World War I and this is because of their tendency several years before the war to form alliances which were based on protecting one another from attacks from countries which were not members of their alliances. For instance, Britain, France, and Russia formed the Triple Entente and this was an alliance based on mutual protection so that if any of the countries named above was attacked, the other

The State and Local Government of Illinois Essay Example for Free

The State and Local Government of Illinois Essay Illinois is a state in the northern central of U.S., a center of Midwest, which entered the Union on December 3, 1818 making it the 21st state of the US (Illinois Encarta). Illinois’ economy has increased or developed, until now Illinois is the most dynamic and prolific in terms of its industrial and agricultural characteristics. Illinois is the 5th most populous and diverse state in the Midwest in terms of demography. Chicago is in the northeastern side, tiny industrial cities in the and huge agricultural part in the western and central Illinois, and a lot of natural resources like petroleum and coal in the southern part can   be found. Illinois is also an essential or significant transportation center having the â€Å"Port of Chicago† connecting the Mississippi to the Great Lakes through the Illinois River, and is also is surrounded by compact networks of highways, waterways, railroads, and air routes, which most of it unite or meet on the metropolis of Chicago, the third largest city in the United States. Illinois is consisted of two sections or partitions, and these are Chicago and the downstate or the smaller communities managing to keep their distinctive characteristics. Illinois is divided or separated into 4 major natural regions and these include the Central Lowland, the Ozark Plateaus, The Golf Coastal Plain, and the Interior Low Plateaus. Except for some short streams, nearly all the rivers and streams flow west or southward to the Ohio River or to the Mississippi River, joining the Mississippi close to Cairo in the southern part. Illinois’ climate is composed of cold winters and hot summers, with polar masses moving south to the state of Canada during winters and warm air masses moving up from Mexican Gulf during summers. The average July temperature in Illinois ranging from 24 degrees Celsius in the northeastern Illinois to above 26 degrees Celsius in the southern part wile January averages range from less than -4 degrees Celsius in the northwestern side to above 1 degrees Celsius in the south (Illinois Encarta).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The two top crops grown in the state with respect to value and quantity are soybeans and corns, ranking Illinois as the 2nd primary state its production. Illinois is placed 4th in the country as an industrial state next after California, Texas, and Ohio, based on the Illinois’ industry contribution to the country’s income, with which most manufacturing is done in the Chicago area. Illinois’ urban and industrial areas need huge amounts of electricity with which 51% is supplied or generated through steam driven power plants through the use of coal and 48% is through its 6 nuclear power plants (Illinois Encarta). Chicago is the center of intricate systems of highways waterways, airlines, railroads, and gas and oil pipelines; making Chicago the major or main center of trucking activities in U.S. According to the national census of 2000, Illinois is the 5th most populous state in the US, having a total population of about 12, 419, 293, and having an 8.6% increase compared to the 1990 census, with 88% are living in urban areas (Illinois Encarta). School attendance in Illinois was made obligatory since 1883 and is now oblige for all children 7 to 17 to go to school, resulting to $9851 expenses per student as of 2002-2003 (Illinois Encarta). Illinois: Government   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Illinois first constitution was adopted in the year 1818 and new constitutions have been adopted in 1848 and 1870, and a 4th constitution was adopted in 1970 concerning the 20th century industrialized state and responsibility for financing public education (Illinois Encarta). Illinois’’ State Government   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Illinois’ state government is composed of an executive, legislative, and judiciary, in the executive, the governor is the states chief executive who is elected for a 4 year term and has the power to appoint key officials of the state administrative agencies and department upon the approval of the state senate. The governor has the power to veto bills approved by the legislature, but the legislature can overrule or ignore such veto by 3/5 majority vote of each house’ members. Other elected officials of the executive who are elected for a 4 year term are the attorney general, comptroller, treasurer, secretary of the state, and the lieutenant governor. On the legislative, the state legislature known as the General Assembly which is composed of the House of Representatives and a Senate, having 59 Senators and 1189 Representatives. Representatives are all elected to serve to 2 year terms while the senators are elected to either 2 or 4 year term. The assembly meeting is annually held on the 2nd Wednesday of January, and the governor or the presiding officer of both houses may call special meetings or assembly. The Judiciary of Illinois has 3 types of courts, namely, the circuit courts, the appellate courts, and the supreme courts. The Supreme Court is the states’ highest court composed of 7 judges who are elected for 10 year terms, and the 3 judges are elected from Cook County including Chicago, and 1 judge from each of the 4 other districts. The Judges elect one as chief justice who will serve for 3 years unless the person’s term as a judge ends and the judges of the states appellate court are also elected for 10 year terms. Circuits are Judges elected for 6 year terms and they in turn designates associate judges for 4 year terms. Illinois Local Government An elected county board is the main policy making body of each of the 102 Illinois counties. A county board is voted in each county and the number of members of the county board is set by ordinance in each county. The members of the Cook County Board are elected from 2 districts such as Chicago and outside Chicago. In the local government, there are called county officers who have the responsibilities and power given by the law and by the county ordinance. The president of the Cook County Board is elected from the county having the power as the chief executive officer of the county and each county has a sheriff, a treasurer, and a county clerk who will serve for 4 year terms, and they may assign or vote recorder, coroner, auditor, assessor, and other officials. The treasurer of the county may perform as a treasurer of any school district or local government in his respective county if a school district asked for it. In the local government there are also Home Rule Units or a municipality with a population of more than 25000 and has an elective executive. A Home Rule Unit doesn’t have the authority to acquire liabilities from ad valorem property tax receipts that will mature in 40 years, and doesn’t have the authority to give a penalty of a felony (Constitution of†¦). Home rule units only have the power to punish offenders by imprisonment for more than 6 months or impose taxes based on occupants’ earnings. A home Rule Unit has the power to adopt, repel, or alter a form of government subject to the approval by referendum, and has the power to provide for its officers their manner of selection or terms of office through the approval by a referendum. Municipalities and counties which are not Home Rule Units have only powers given by the law and the powers to have improvements in their locality by especial assessments. Special districts and units, townships, school districts, and appointed by law as local government units only have the authority given by the law. Chicago and most other cities have their mayor and a council form of government. Most of the medium size cities in Illinois have their chosen or selected professional city manager, and most villages are managed by the board president and Board of trustees. Works Cited â€Å"Constitution of the State of Illinois.† n.d.. Illinois Handbook of Government, 18 December 2007 http://www.cyberdriveillinois.com/publications/handbook/ilconstitution.pdf. â€Å"Illinois.† 2007.   Illinois MSN Encarta, 19 December 2007 http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761566615/Illinois.html. â€Å"Illinois Compiled Statutes.† 2007.   Illinois General Assembly Illinois Compiled Statutes, 19 December 2007 http://www.ilga.gov/legislation/ilcs/ilcs.asp. â€Å"Illinois Government.† 2007.   Illinois.gov Illinois Government Judiciary, 19 December 2007 http://www.illinois.gov/government/judiciary.cfm.

Is music still true?

Is music still true? Is Music Still True? Authenticity is a major issue in popular music, and it also seems to verify the differences between ‘rock and ‘pop. To musicians, rock is the genre that has authenticity and is most trusted, while the pop genre tends to be more of a commercialized type of music, which most musicians today believe that the ‘pop music is about the glamour and the money. In the end it comes down to the listeners point of view. In this argument, authenticity is understood as ‘true to its origins. Some say that with the new technology today, its hard to make anything sound authentic. In some cases, for example Jack White from such bands as The White Stripes, The Raconteurs, and The dead Weather, have stayed away from technology when it comes to the recording end. White also attempts to capture authenticity by using old instruments, to capture the essence of the old time sound. Like White, other artists as well find that the new technology today takes the ‘soul out of the music, as well as go far enough to use authentic old style instruments. Although some believe that you can use technology today to give it even more of a rich authentic sound. Most people believe that ‘soul is the key component to authenticity, while some believe that it is about reenacting the innovators of the past. Some believe that songs or artists can still have authentic meaning. One artists that has dealt with issues of authenticity was 60s folk star Bob Dylan. Dylans first electric album rainy day woman had a enormous impact on his fans. The fans were enraged at his desertion from the authentic folk roots that he was so well known for. He received some credit with the fact that his lyrics and song topics were still awarded as authentic. Dylans song were known to make a strong stand toward politics, and had simple lyrics but had complex understanding. Then there are artists like John Mayer, who keep to the authenticity on every level, but seems to add his own modern twist. Mayer is a well known blues guitarist who keeps to his ‘bluesy guitar riffs, but with a sound of a distorted guitar. Mayer at times has also been subjected to the ‘pop commercial genre, with his higher pitched voice and for his criticized lyrics. Artists like these prove that authenticity in music, does not mean that it has to be exactly like the origins it came from. Certain authors have pondered that this distinction may be misleading, but even so, have divided authenticity into several categories (Moore, 2002): first person authenticity, where original music is performed in a manner that makes the audience believe the music is authentic: that is, authentically created, and performed; and third person authenticity, where a performer of music succeeds in conveying the impression of having accurately conveyed the expression of an – absent – other (Moore, 2002). Authenticity is assumed, by many authors, to be inscribed to a musician or performer, yet this assumption is wholly wrong, in that authenticity is actually ascribed to musicians and performers. Authenticity, as a value, is something that must be constructed by each and every listener personally, according to their own response to the music in question. It is only after the listener sees the performance of the music by the musician, that they can begin to understand the musicians relationship to the piece, and their interpretation of the piece, and only then can the musician be said to have any authenticity. The following is based on this view of authenticity as an ascribed value. Eric Clapton and his music are used as an example by many authors on the subject of authenticity in music, and these discussions invariably fall into Moores (2002) second category of authenticity: third-person authenticity. Eric Clapton, a highly able and respected musician, gained a huge worldwide following in the 1960s for his interpretations and performances, solo and with his band, Cream. I say ‘interpretation as many of the songs that Clapton, and Cream performed, such as Crossroads, were not original songs, and were re-worked by Clapton. Crossroads was a song originally written and performed by the country blues star Robert Johnson (Moore, 2002). Johnson led a tragic life, dying early in mysterious circumstances, and living his life as a poor man, with only his guitar for comfort, on which he composed blues music, through which he explored his own life through distorting the sound of the instrument to provide an analogue for his own tortured soul (Moore, 2002). It is argued that, to a certain extent, when Clapton performed Crossroads, he did not authenticate Johnsons music by reinforcement, rather his interpretation of Johnsons song authenticated Claptons own musical presence (Moore, 2002). It was the appropriation of the ‘black blues tradition, of which Johnson was a part, which gave Clapton the material through which he constructed himself as an authentic performer (Moore, 2002). Claptons appropriation of the ‘black blues tradition was then cemented by his full discovery of this tradition, from BB King to Freddie and Albert King, from country blues through to Robert Johnson (Moore, 2002). This tracing of the origins of a practice back to the originator of the practice thus reinforces the tradition to the tracer: this phenomenon, and is well known in discussions of authenticity in popular music (Moore, 2002); this process is also necessarily circular, as Clapton was authenticated via his appropriation of Johnson, who was then authenticated by his appropriation by an artist he himself had a great deal of respect for (Moore, 2002), since only music that is worth acquiring will be appropriated. As Moore (2002) argues, Clapton conveyed the message ‘this is what it is like to be me to his audience, using the message ‘this is what it was like to be Johnson. Thus, authenticity of execution (Moore, 2002) arises when a performer succeeds in conveying the impression of accurately conveying the expression of an absent other (Moore, 2002), and Clapton is a particularly apt example of this third-person authenticity. Thus, during his performances of particular songs (for example, Crossroads) Clapton speaks the truth of his own situation, as during his performances, he can only convey his own particular expression of a particular song openly, honestly and therefore, truthfully. As to whether Clapton manages to convey the truth of the situation of absent others, this is a difficult one to answer. In order for an audience to believe that Clapton is conveying the truth of an absent other, the audience needs to know that Clapton has respect for that absent other, enough respect to have made a thorough study of the tradition to which that musician belonged, a study which allows Claptons interpretation of that particular piece of music to be authentic in the sense of being true to its origins. As to whether Clapton speaks the truth of his own culture and thereby represents present others when performing the music of absent others, this is an even more difficult point of discussion. This point needs to rely on a meaning for the word ‘culture in order to fully answer this question, and this is difficult. Can Clapton, a white man, from a white culture, ever delve deeply enough in to a tradition to be able to authentically convey music from an entirely different (‘black) culture? Cultural purists would argue not, but in todays multicultural society, the answer to this question is increasingly (and increasingly believably) likely to be yes, at least for white audiences, and for ‘blacks who agree with the idea, and principles, of cross-cultural artistic expression. However, it has to be recognized that there are certain tensions and resistance encountered in the process of cross-cultural appropriation of music, particularly in this case, as it concerns the black community, who see their musical heritage as something pure, a badge of identity entirely their own. This is entirely understandable, particularly in reference to appropriation of the blues tradition by whites, as blues is a black music, which arose out of unspeakable suppression and hardship at the hands of the white man. Tensions that arise from within the black community at the (mis)use of the blues tradition by whites should therefore be listened to, and could also be used as a lesson to learn from. A recent book by Todd Gitlin (2001) argues that we, as a society, are becoming so overwhelmed with information from the media, in so many varieties of the media, that we are becoming immune to its lure, and are even beginning to shy away from this media onslaught. It seems that one way people can avoid this media onslaught is to search out authentic performances from authentic musicians, as this would guarantee quality and purity of enjoyment. Authenticity of an artists like Clapton, really come down to the listeners and their opinion on whether or not the artists is authentic. Music has always been about the listeners, so they are the only ones who can really decide what is authentic. Most fans will say the authentic ones are the ones who ‘keep it real, which is just another way of saying keeping it true to the original genre. Which makes Authenticity in music a very long ongoing topic. There will always be those who say ‘he is to commercial for me and those who will think that that artists perfected and recreated a new side of the authentic origin. Artists, like Clapton, who appropriate music from other cultures, and who we can argue do this in a compassionate manner, are perhaps the guiding lights for many of todays media-overwhelmed generation; they serve, for many, as a good introduction to the traditions from which such music is drawn, from which point the interested can do their own research and discover the authentic music from which such adaptations are developed. Cross-cultural musical evolution can only be a process for good in terms of the development of music, as long as authenticity and the ‘donor culture are respected.

Structure and Uses of Ibuprofen

Structure and Uses of Ibuprofen Abstract The Controlled-release dosage forms are formulated to release the drugs active ingredient gradually and predictably over an extended period of time that is something like 12 to 24 hour period. â€Å"These formulations potentially provide for greater effectiveness in the treatment of chronic conditions through more consistent delivery of the medication; reduced side effects; greater convenience; and higher levels of patient compliance due to a simplified dosage schedule, compared with those of immediate-release drugs†. Ibuprofen is a colourless, crystalline solid which is having a low soluble limits in water but it is having a better solublity in most organic solvents. â€Å"The main aim of this work is control the release of drug by encapsulating it in to coating materials like fattyacids (palmiticacid and pluronic F-127). Encapsulating of ibuprofen by using freeze drying technique in this technique Ibuprofen is encapsulated in to the fattyacid and pluronic (F127), these coating materials have the property of controlling the release of drug when the coated drug is entered in to the body the coating materials which surrounded to the drug is control the release of drug†. The release of encapsulated ibuprofen is determined by Flow through dissolution and UV- visible spectroscopy. INTRODUCTION 1. IBUPROFEN Ibuprofen is a colourless, crystalline solid which is having a very very low solubility limits I case of water but it is having comparabelly better soluble limits in case of organic solvents. The synthesis of ibuprofen was originally reported in 1964 from Ï -isobutyl- lacetophen but the drug was not marketed in the United States until 1974 despite the fact that it had been available for several years in Europe. â€Å"It was the indomethacin and was immediately accepted in therapy. Its success was a factor in the introduction of many new agents in the 1970s. Ibuprofen was the first aryl propionic acid derivative to be marketed in the United States†. This chemical class currently comprises of the largest group of NSAIDs under investigation with as many as 25 derivatives in various stages of development. â€Å"It recently became the first prescription NSAIA to become available as an over the counter analgesic in almost 30 years and is avialble under a number of trade names, It is also sometimes known as: Advil, Anadin Ibuprofen, Arthrofen, Brufen, Retard, Cuprofen, Fenbid; Galprofen, Hedex Ibuprofen, Ibufem; Librofem; Mandafen; Manorfen; Migrafen; Motrin; Nurofen; Obifen; Relcofen perhaps being among the more widely used. The continuing popularity of ibuprofen is evidenced by the appearance 200 prescription drugs in the United States†. IUPAC name : 2-[4-(2-methylpropyl) phenyl] propanoacid, Formula : C13H18O2, Molecular mass : 206.28, Melting point : 76  °C (1. 69  °F) Bioavailability : 49-73, Protein binding : 99%, Metabolism : Hepatic, Half life : 1.8-2 hours, Excretion : Renal. 1.1 Structure of Ibuprofen Structure of IBUPROFEN Ibuprofen is a white powder belonging to the propionic acid derivatives, with a melting point of 74 77 ° C. It is only slightly soluble in water but readily soluble in organic solvents such as ethanol. It is a chiral compound; racemic Ibuprofen is usually used, although only one form is active medicinally. â€Å"Ibuprofen is made up of covalently-bonded carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms. 2 CH3 molecules are single-bonded to a CH molecule The CH molecule is bonded to a carbon atom that forms a 6-sided ring of carbon atoms†. Another CH molecule is single-bonded to a carbon atom on the other side of the ring. Inside the ring there are 3 double bonds between carbon atoms. Then another CH3 molecule and a COOH molecule are both single bonded to the CH molecule on the right. Because it is nonsteroidal, it is widely used as it does not upset the hormonal balance in the body. Its anti-inflammatory, analgesic (pain relieving) and antipyretic (fever reducing) actions are co moderate pain such as headache, toothache, and migraine as well as symptoms of fever. 1.2 Stereochemistry Ibuprofen contains a chiral carbon in the ∞ position of the propionate moiety. As such, there are two possible enantiomers of ibuprofen, with the potential for different biological effects and metabolism for each enantiomer. Indeed it was found that (S)(+)- ibuprofen (dexibuprofen) was the active form both in vitro and in vivo, because of this reason the ibuprofen is marketed as a single enantiomer as occurs with naproxen and other NSAIDs. And the in vivo experiments revealed the existence of an Isomerase (2-arylpropionylco-A epimerase) which converted (R) -ibuprofen to the active (S)-enantiomer .Most of the ibuprofen formulations are marketed as racemic mixtures. Racemic ibuprofen is an important NSAID used in the treatment of pain and inflammation in a variety of musculoskeletal rheumatic disorders. 1.3 Synthesis â€Å"There have been many commercial and laboratory publications for the synthesis of Ibuprofen. Two of the most popular ways to obtain Ibuprofen are the Boot process and the Hoechst process. The Boot process is an older commercial process developed by the Boot Pure Drug Company, and the Hoechst process is a newer process developed by the Hoechst Company. Most of these routes to Ibuprofen begin with isobutyl benzene and use Friedel-Crafts acylation. The Boot process requires six steps, while the Hoechst process, with the assistance of catalysts, is completed in only three steps†. Cheminor Drugs have developed a process for an improved version of ibuprofen based on chiral synthesis. The move is significant given that pure S-Ibuprofen (the active form of ibuprofen) could near halve the regular ibuprofen dosage, besides improving the side-effect profile. However the human body can convert the inactive (R) form into the (S) form, so eventually 100% of the ibuprofen taken becomes active. The process discovered by Cheminor is therefore unlikely to have commercial significance. [6] 1.4 Mechanism of action: â€Å"Ibuprofen is an NSAID which is believed to work through inhibition of cyclooxygenase (COX), thus inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis. There are at least 2 variants of cyclooxygenase (COX-1 and COX-2). Ibuprofen inhibits both COX-1 and COX-2. It appears that its analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory activity is achieved principally through COX-2 inhibition; whereas COX-1 inhibition is responsible for its unwanted effects on platelet aggregation and the GI mucosa†. The role of the individual COX isoforms in the analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and gastric damage effects of NSAIDs is uncertain and different compounds cause different degrees of analgesia and gastric damage. 1.5 Absorption and metabolism: Ibuprofen is quite rapidly absorbed when it is admistered orally we can witness the peak plasma levels are obtained withan 2hours time.† As with most of these acidic NSAIDs , ibuprofen(pka=4.43) is extensively bound to the plasma proteins(99%) and will interact with other acidic drugs which are protein bound. Metabolism occur rapidly and the drug is nearly completely excreted in the urine as UN changed drug and oxidative metabolites with in 24 hrs following administration†. Metabolism involves primarily ω-1and ω-2 oxidation of the Ï -iso butyl side chain, followed by alcohol oxidation of the primary alcohol resulting from the ω-oxidation to the corresponding carboxylic acid. All metabolites are essentially in active. When Ibuprofen id administered as the individual enantiomers, the major metabolites isolated are the (+)-isomers regardless of the configuration of the administered enantiomer.intrestingley, the (R)(-)-enantiomer is inverted to the (S)-(+)-enant iomer in vivo, accounting for the observation that the two enantiomers are bioequivalent In vivo. 1.6 Ibuprofen uses: Ibuprofen is used to relief the symptoms of a wide range of illnesses such as headaches, backache, period pain, dental pain, neuralgia, rheumatic pain, muscular pain, migraine, cold and flu symptoms and arthritis. Recently evidence has emerged suggesting that ibuprofen is effective in the treatment of Alzheimers disease. 1.7 Ibuprofen side effects Ibuprofen is regarded as the first choice drug in its class due to the low number of side effects and complications associated with it. The most frequent type of adverse reaction occurring with ibuprofen is gastrointestinal. In clinical trials, the percentage of patients reporting one or more gastrointestinal complaints ranged from 4% to 16%. Common Side Effects: stomach upset or irritation Infrequent Side Effects: nausea and/or vomiting, constipation, diarrhoea Rare Side Effects: skin irritations, drowsiness, gastrointestinal bleeding Ibuprofen has the lowest incidence of gastrointestinal adverse effects, reactions of all the non selective NSAIDS. However this only holds true in case of lower doses of ibuprofen, so over the counter preparation of ibuprofen are generally labelled to advise a maximum daily dose of 1,200 mg. 1.8 Risks involved 1.8.1 Cardiovascular Risk: Along with several other NSAIDs, ibuprofen has been implicated in elevating the risk of myocardial infarction, particularly among those chronically using high doses. 1.8.2 Risks in Pregnancy: Ibuprofen consumption should be avoided in late pregnancy due to risk of premature closure of the ducts arteries in the fetal heart. 1.8.3 Risks in Inflammatory Bowel Disease â€Å"Ibuprofen should not be used regularly in individuals with Inflammatory Bowel Diseas (IBD-Crohns Disease and Ulcerative Colitis)due to its ability to cause gastric bleeding and form ulceration in the gastric lining. Drugs such as Advil should be avoided in persons afflicted with IBD. Pain relievers such as Tylenol (containing acetaminophen) or drugs containing Codeine (which slows down bowel activity) are safer methods than Ibuprofen for pain relief in IBD†. Ibuprofen is also known to cause worsening of IBD during times of a flare-up, thus should be avoided completely. 1.8.4Drug-Drug Interactions Ibuprofen is associated with several suspected or other probable interactions that can affect the action of other drugs .Ibuprofen leads to the increased levels of lithium leading to the reduction of lithium excretion from the kidneys, and this may lead to lithium toxicity. Ibuprofen may lead to the lowering of blood pressure because prostaglandins play an important role in reducing the blood pressure. Ibuprofen is used in combination with amino glycosides for e.g.: The blood levels of gentamycin may increase presumably because the elimination of amino glycosides from the body is reduced and may lead to amino glycoside side effect. 1.9. Absorption and Metabolism Ibuprofen is rapidly absorbed on oral administration with peak plasma levels being generally attained with in 2hrs. As with most of these acidic NSAIDs , ibuprofen(pka=4.43) is extensively bound to the plasma proteins(99%) and will interact with other acidic drugs which are protein bound. Metabolism involves primarily ω-1and ω-2 oxidation of the Ï -iso butyl side chain, followed by alcohol oxidation of the primary alcohol resulting from the ω-oxidation to the corresponding carboxylic acid. All the metabolites are essentially inactive. The (R)(-)-enantiomer is inverted to the (S)-(+)-enantiomer in vivo, accounting for the observation that the two enantiomers are bioequivalent In vivo. 1.9 Mechanism of Action Ibuprofen is an NSAID which is believed to work through inhibition of cyclooxygenase (COX), thus inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis. Prostaglandins are produced in response to injury or certain diseases 2 variants of cyclooxygenase (COX-1 and COX-2). Ibuprofen inhibits both COX-1 and COX-2. It appears that its analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory activity is achieved principally through COX-2 inhibition; whereas COX-1 inhibition is responsible for its unwanted effects on platelet aggregation and the GI mucosa. The role of the individual COX Isoforms in the Analgesic, Antiinflammatory, and the Gastric damage and affects of NSAIDs is uncertain and different degrees of Analgesia and Gastric damage occur. 1.10 Controlled Release Mechanisms Controlled release implies regulation of the delivery of a a drug by a device the control is aimed at delivering the drug at a specific rate for a definite period of time independent of the local environments. Controlled release may also incorporate methods of promote localization of drug at an active site. Site specific and targeted delivery systems are the descriptive term used to denote this type of control. The periods of delivery are much longer than in case of sustained release and may vary from days to years. Controlled release mechanism is designed to release the drug in vivo according to predictable rates that can be verified by in-vitro measurements. Controlled release technology implies a quantities understanding of the physic chemical mechanism of drug availability to the extent that the dosage form release rate can be specified. Potential development s and new approaches to oral controlled release drug delivery systems, intragastric floating tablets, Trans mucosal tablets and micro porous membrane coated tablets . An example of application to the controlled release technology to dosage form design consists of a polymer matrix in which a drug containing solution is dispersed in the form of micro cells. The barrier permeability and the drug solubility in the dispersed solution are variables that can be adjusted to provide predictable drug release rates. All pharmaceutical dosage forms should be controlled release formulations -with rate specified and bioavailability assured by the drug delivery design. There are three types of controlled release mechanisms: Ø Diffusion Ø Swelling Ø Degradation 2 .Palmitic acid Palmitic acid,CH3(CH2)14COOH or hexadecanoic acid in IUPAC nomenclature, is one of the most common saturated fatty acids found in animals and plants. As its name indicates, it is a major component of the oil from palm trees (palm oil and palm kernel oil). Palmitate is a term for the salts or esters of palmitic acid. The palmitate anion is the observed form of palmitic acid at physiological pH. CAS number 57-10-3 Molecular formula C16H32O2 Molar mass 256.42 g/mol Appearance White crystals Density 0.853 g/cm3 at 62  °C Melting point 63-64  °C Boiling point 351-352  °C[2] 215  °C at 15 mmHg Solubility in water Insoluble 2.1 Biochemistry â€Å"Palmitic acid is the first fatty acid produced during lipogenesis (fatty acid synthesis) and from which longer fatty acids can be produced. Palmitate negatively feeds back on acetyl- CoA carboxyl(ACC) which is responsible for converting acetyl-CoA to malonyl-CoA which is used to add to the growing acyl chain, thus preventing further palmitate generation. Reduction of palmitic acid yields cetyl alcohol†. 2.2 Uses Derivatives of palmitic acid were used in combination with naphtha during World War II to produce napalm (aluminum naphthenate and aluminum palmitate). [6] â€Å"The World Health Organization claims there is convincing evidence that dietary intake of palmitic acid increases risk of developing cardiovascular diseases. However, possibly less-disinterested studies have shown no ill effect, or even a favorable effect, of dietary consumption of palmitic acid on blood lipids and cardiovascular disease, so that the WHO finding may be deemed controversial.[8] However, another study showed that palmitic acid has no hypercholesterolaemic effect if intake of linoleic acid is greater than 4.5% of energy. On the other hand, it was shown that, if the diet contains trans fatty acids, the health effects are negative, causing an LDL cholesterol increase and HDL cholesterol decrease†. â€Å"Recently, a long-acting anti-psychotic medication, paliperidone palmitate (marketed as INVEGA Sustenna), used in the treatment of schizophrenia, has been synthesized using the oily palmitate ester as a long-acting release carrier medium when injected intramuscularly. The underlying method of drug delivery is similar to that used with decanoic acid to deliver long-acting depot medication, in particular, neuroleptics such as haloperidol decanoate†. 3 .Pluronic F-127 Pluronic F127 is a difunctional block copolymer surfactant terminating in primary hydroxyl groups. A non-ionic surfactant that is 100% active and relatively nontoxic. 3.1 Specifications Cloud point (10% aqueous)†¦.. >100 °C Color, APHA †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 120 max. Water, weight %†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Cast Solid-0.4 max. Prill/Micropastille-0.75 max. pH (2.5% aqueous)†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 6.0 7.0 3.2 Typical physical properties Form†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Cast solid /Prill /Micropastille Average molecular weight†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦ 12600 Specific gravity, 77 °/25 °C†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 1.05 Viscosity, cps at 77 °C †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 3100 Melt Point†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 56 °C Cloud point (1% aqueous)†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦ >100 °C Foam height (Ross Miles, 0.1% aqueous at 50 °C)†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 40 mm Surface tension (0.1% aqueous)†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 41 dynes/cm at25 °C HLB†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 18 − 23 Solubility in water at 25 °C†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. >10% Wetting, Draves Sink Time (3-gm hook, 0.1% aqueous at 25 °C)†¦.. >360 seconds â€Å"Pluronicf-127 is polymer with an additional property in aqueous solution which will covert from its liquid state to that of a non fluid hydrogel, which is a main characteristic of the protein drug delivery system†.Pluronic-f127 is also considered as an Thermo Reversible Gelatine of the co-polymer f127 whose generic name is 407 in water makes it an unique candidate for Microencapsulaton application â€Å"Pluronic-f127 is a surfactant molecule with highly beneficial characteristics that makes it a strong candidate for protein drug delivery system. Its interaction with the polypeptides is most likely of minimisation of potential energy by mutual exclusion of hydrophobic residues from the aqueous medium as was predicted by computer probing and verified by fluorescent probing†. 4. Microencapsulation This is a process by which very tiny droplets or particles of liquid or solid material are surrounded or coated with a continuous film of polymeric material. These micro-capsules have a number of benefits such as converting liquids to solids, separating reactive compounds, providing environmental protection, improved material handling properties. Active materials are then encapsulated in micron-sized capsules of barrier polymers (gelatin, plastic, wax, ). â€Å"The reasons for micro encapsulation are countless. In some cases, the core must be isolated from its surroundings, as in isolating vitamins from the deteriorating effects of oxygen, retarding evaporation of a volatile core, improving the handling properties of a sticky material, or isolating a reactive core from chemical attack. In other cases, the objective is not to isolate the core completely but to control the rate at which it leaves the microcapsule, as in the controlled release of drugs or pesticides†. The problem may be as simple as masking the taste or odour of the core, or as complex as increasing the selectivity of an adsorption or extraction. 4.1 Micro encapsulation techniques: *Physical methods of encapsulation > Rotary disk atomization > Fluid bed coating > Stationary nozzle co extrusion > Centrifugal head co extrusion > Submerged nozzle co extrusion > Spray drying > Pan coating * Chemical methods of encapsulation > Phase separation > Solvent evaporation > Solvent extraction > Interfacial polymerization > Simple and complex coacervation > In-situ polymerization > Liposome technology * Shell materials used for en capsulation > Proteins > Polysaccharides > Starches > waxes > Fats > Natural and synthetic polymers > Resins 4.2 Chemicals used in this experiment: Drug: IBUPROFEN Coating polymer: pvp and pluronic (f77) Phosphate buffer (7.4) Composition of phosphate buffer Ø Potassium chloride Ø Sodium chloride Ø Potassium di hydro ortho phosphate Sodium di hydro ortho phosphate 6. Freeze Drying: Freeze-drying (also known as lyophilisation or cry desiccation) is a dehydration process typically used to preserve a perishable material or make the material more convenient for transport. Freeze-drying works by freezing the material and then reducing the surrounding pressure and adding enough heat to allow the frozen water in the material to sublime directly from the solid phase to gas. There are several stages involved in the freeze drying process 6.1 Freezing stage: â€Å" The freezing process consists of freezing the material. In a lab, this is often done by placing the material in a freeze-drying flask and rotating the flask in a bath, called a shell freezer, which is cooled by mechanical refrigeration, dry ice and methanol, or liquid nitrogen. On a larger-scale, freezing is usually done using a freeze-drying machine. In this step, it is important to cool the material below its eutectic point, the lowest temperature at which the solid and liquid phases of the material can coexist. This ensures that sublimation rather than melting will occur in the following steps. Larger crystals are easier to freeze-dry. To produce larger crystals, the product should be frozen slowly or can be cycled up and down in temperature. This cycling process is called annealing. However, in the case of food, or objects with formerly-living cells, large ice crystals will break the cell walls (discovered byClarence Birdseye)†. Usually, the freezing temperatures ar e between -50  °C and -80  °C. The freezing phase is the most critical in the whole freeze-drying process, because the product can be spoiled if badly done. Amorphous (glassy) materials do not have an eutectic point, but do have a critical point, below which the product must be maintained to prevent melt-back or collapse during primary and secondary drying. 6.2 Primary drying: â€Å" Primary drying can reduce the moisture content of a freeze dried solid to around 0.5%. Further reduction can be effected by secondary drying. During the primary drying, the latent heat of sublimation must be provided and the vapour removed. enough heat is supplied to the material for the water to sublimate In this initial drying phase, about 95% of the water in the material is sublimated. This phase may be slow (can be several days in the industry), because, if too much heat is added, the materials structure could be altered†. 6.3 Secondary drying: The removal of residual moisture at the end o primary drying is performed by raising the temperature of the solid to as high as 50 °C or 60 °C. A high temperature is permissible for many materials because the small amount of moisture remaining is not sufficient to cause spoilage 6.4 Freeze drying advantages: Drying takes place at very low temperatures, so that enzyme action is inhibited and chemical decomposition, particularly hydrolysis, is minimised. The solution is frozen such that the final dry product is a net work of solid occupying the same volume as the original solution. Thus the product is light and porous. The porous form of the product gives ready solubility. There is no concentration of the solution prior to drying. Hence, salts do not concentrate and denature proteins, as occurs with other drying methods. As the process takes place under high vacuum there is little contact with air, and oxidation is minimized. 6.5 Freeze drying disadvantages: The porosity, ready solubility and complete dryness yield a very hygroscopic product. Unless products are dried in their final container and sealed in situ, packaging requires special conditions. The process is very slow and uses complicated plant, which is very expensive. It is not a general method of drying, therefore, but is limited to certain types of valuable products which, because of their heat sensitivity, cannot be dried by any other means. 7 Apparatus used for the experiment : 7.1 Uv_visible spectroscopy: â€Å" A diagram of the components of a typical spectrometer is shown in the following diagram. The functioning of this instrument is relatively straightforward. A beam of light from a visible and/or UV light source (colored red) is separated into its component wavelengths by a prism or diffraction grating. Each monochromatic (single wavelength) beam in turn is split into two equal intensity beams by a half-mirrored device†. One beam, the sample beam (colored magenta), passes through a small transparent container (cuvette) containing a solution of the compound being studied in a transparent solvent. The other beam, the reference (colored blue), passes through an identical cuvette containing only the solvent. The intensities of these light beams are then measured by electronic detectors and compared. The intensity of the reference beam, which should have suffered little or no light absorption, is defined as I0. The intensity ofthe sample beam is defined as I. Over a short perio d of time, the spectrometer automatically scans all the component wavelengths in the manner described. The ultraviolet (UV) region scanned is normally from 200 to 400 nm, and the visible portion is from 400 to 800 nm. [11] Components of UV_ visible spectroscopy 7.2 Instrumentation: Source of light: The best source of light that which is more stable more intense and which gives range of spectrum from 180-360nm.The different sources available are: Hydrogen discharge lamp:It is more stable robust and widely used.It gives radiation from 120-350nm.The lamp consist of hydrogen under pressure. Deuterium lamp: It is similar to hydrogen discharge lamp, but filled with deuterium in the place of hydrogen.It offers 3-5 times more intensity than other types.This is most widely used but expensive. Xenon discharge lamp: In this lamp, xenon at 10-30 atmospheric pressure is filled in and has two tungsten electrodes. The intensity is greater than hydrogen discharge lamp. Mercury arc: This contains mercury vapour and offers bands which are sharp.The spectrum is not continuous. Monochromaters: â€Å"Grating monochromaters are used, filters and prism monochromaters are not used because of low resolution.On the other hand gratings provide a band pass of 0.4 to 2nm.Hence they are more widely used incase of expensive spectrophotometers.The mirrors ,gratings are made up of quartz since glass absorbs uv radiation from 200-300nm.Mirrors are front surfaced to prevent absorption of radiation†. Sample Cells: â€Å"The design of sample cells used is similar to that used in colorimetry expect that it is made up of quartz. Quartz cells only must be used in uv spectroscopy since glass cells will absorb uv radiation.The pathlength of the cells are 10mm or 1cm†. Solvents: â€Å"solvent plays an important role in uv spectra, since compound peak could be obscured by solvent peak.Hence the solvent for a sample is selected in such a way that solvent neither absorbs in the region of measurement nor affects the absorption of the sample†. Detectors: Although any one of the detectors used in colorimetry can be used, photomultiplier tubes are mainly used, since the cost of such UV spectrophotometers are high and more accurate measurements are to be made. Single beam and double beam UV spectrophotometers are used. 7.3.Beers law (related to concentration of absorbing species): Beers law states that the intensity of beam of monochromatic light decreases exponentially with increase in the concentration of absorbing species arithmetically. Lamberts law (related to thickness/ path length of absorbing species): Lamberts law states that the rate of decrease of intensity (monochromatic light) with the thickness of the medium is directly proportional to the intensity of incident light. Beer-Lambert Law: The beer lamberts law states that absorbance of a solution is directly proportionally to the concentration of the solution. A = −log_{10}(I/I_0) = epsiloncdot ccdot L, The beer-lambert law is useful for characterizing of the compounds but does not hold as a universal relationship for the concentration and absorption of all species. Applications: It is mainly used in the detection of impurities. It is used in the structure elucidation of organic compounds. And also used in the analysis of organic compounds. Detrmination of molecular weight. Determination of dissociation constant of acids and bases. 7.4 Flow through dissolution apparatus: â€Å"The flow-through cell is a suitable method for dissolution studies of poorly soluble drugs. The dissolution can be influenced by changing parameters in the apparatus and by changing the physical properties of the drug and the medium used. In this study the dissolution of ibuprofen was examined†. Results showed that a smaller particle size gave a higher dissolution rate. With a dose of 50mg a higher percent dissolved was obtained compared to a dose of 100mg. However, a larger mass (mg) was dissolved when the dose of 100mg was used. When using a cell diameter of 12mm instead of a cell diameter of 22.6mm the dissolution rate increased. A larger dissolution rate was also obtained when the flow of the medium was increased. Finally the effect of changing medium was examined. Results showed that by including a surfactant to the medium a drastic increase of the dissolution rate was obtained. The flow-through cell has since the 90s been used as an alternative method for dissolution studies . It has some advantages over previous dissolution methods. It is easier to retain sink condition, i.e. to keep a sufficiently low concentration in the remaining solution. This makes it possible to keep a constant diving force (=concentration difference) the whole time during the release experiment. The concentration should not exceed one third of the saturated. The medium can be changed automatically during the study which is very useful in in vitro in vivo studies . Previous studies have showed the importance of deaeration of the dissolution medium, how the packing of the cell can influence the dissolution and that the results obtained with the flow-through cell are more reproducible than obtained with previous methods as dissolution baths In this study the dissolution of ibuprofen was examined in the flow-through cell. Six parameters were of interest: The packing of the cell The particle size of the drug The dose The volume flow of the medium through the cell The cell diameter The medium Desirable results were good reproducibility, i.e. small standard deviation between tests and cells, and to maintain sink condition during the experiment. Advantages : Laminar flow characteristics over a wide range of solvent flow rates Infinite sink ideal for low solubility drugs Differential rather than cumulative time profile o

Recruiting and Retaining Qualified Personnel Essay example -- Work Wor

Recruiting and Retaining Qualified Personnel INTRODUCTION One of the most critical challenges facing public administration is the recruitment and retention of qualified personnel. While the problem of attracting talent into public service is not new, the introduction and rapid expansion of the high technology and Internet industry, the problem has reached crisis proportions. Both the public and private sector have embraced the Information Age with increasing dependence on a skilled and versatile workforce. Private industry responded by developing greater versatility in expanding and contracting their workforce to compliment the strategic requirements and goals of the organization. Public administration did not adequately recognize the changes in private industry that had such a significant impact on the workforce. In the past twenty years the workforce, who had previously expected to spend their career with a single employer, has adjusted to a norm of changing employers several times, (and in many cases changing career paths). This changi ng expectation of the workforce necessitates not only policy changes in public administration, but far better flexibility in hiring, rewarding and retaining methods. The shift to broader based training and advanced skills have changed the expectations of the workforce. Workers are increasingly less content with remaining within a single occupational discipline and have matched the flexibility and agility of their employers. Public administrators have increasingly recognized the need to modify reward and incentive programs placing much greater emphasis on performance than tenure. Private business, with its ability to change and re-focus strategic goals and objec... ...US Department of Defense, Acquisition Managers Recruiting, Hiring and Retention Handbook, â€Å"Hiring†, 15 April 2001. Available from: http://gravity.lmi.org/acqbook/hiring/index.html. US Department of Defense, Acquisition Managers Recruiting, Hiring and Retention Handbook, â€Å"Retention†, 15 April 2001. Available from: http://gravity.lmi.org/acqbook/retention/index.html. US Department of Defense, Acquisition Managers Recruiting, Hiring and Retention Handbook, â€Å"The defense Acquisition Workforce Improvement Act (DAWIA)†, 15 April 2001. Available from: http://gravity.lmi.org/acqbook/dawia/index.html. US Department of Defense, Acquisition Managers Recruiting, Hiring and Retention Handbook, â€Å"The DoD Civilian Acquisition Workforce Personnel Demonstration Project (AcqDemo)†, 15 April 2001. Available from: http://gravity.lmi.org/acqbook/acqdemo/index.html.

Sir Gawain and the Green Knight :: Sir Gawain and the Green Knight

Sir Gawain and the Green Knight Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, a story full of tests and inner challenges, was written by an unknown author somewhere in the late 14th century. The poem begins the same as it ends: with the mentioning of the fall of Troy. After the fall of Troy, the Trojan survivors ventured to Europe where each began a new kingdom. "Ticius to Tuscany, and towers raises, Langobard in Lombardy lays out homes, and far over the French Sea, Felix Brutus on many broad hills and high Britain he sets, most fair." (Norton p. 202) In the same lines in the original text, "And fer ouer the French flod Felix Brutus On mony bonkkes ful brode Bretayn he settez wyth wynne" Britain is described as a land that is settled "wyth wynne" or, with joy. The second stanza describes how many warriors and "bold boys" were bred in Britain. The text continues and describes that many exceptional things are happening in this land than in any other for a long time. Most importantly, the text proceeds to offer a description that sets up the visualization and stature of the setting and characters included in the poem. Of all of the British kings, "King Arthur was counted most courteous of all" (Norton p. 203). He was the most respected, and therefore was the most powerful and most successful. There are many stories about the Arthurian Legend, but the author denotes that the story that he is about to retell, is one that is incomparable to any other. "Wherefore an adventure I aim to unfold, that a marvel of might some men think it, and one unmatched among Arthur's wonders. If you will listen to my lay but a little while, as I heard it in hall, I shall hasten to tell anew." (Norton p. 203) The author is saying that he heard it in passing and doe sn't want to offend anyone by what he is saying. The final stanza of this passage offers a description to the scenery, traditions and some of the usual festivities that take place at Camelot. Under King Arthur's command, the New Year's party is underway, including song, dance, and competitions. It describes how only the youngest and best of all the knights and the fairest of all the ladies were present. "And the loveliest ladies that lived on earth ever, and he the comeliest king, that that court holds, for all this fari fold in their first age were still.

Fidel Castro, the Cuban people’s Leader Essay -- History Castro Histor

Fidel Castro, the Cuban people’s Leader Fidel Castro and the United States of America have a very tense relationship. The current president of Cuba has helped the less fortunate people of Cuba in many ways, but in doing created conflict between the wealthier Cubans who in turn have chosen to seek homes on US soil in Florida. Castro is a very powerful leader who speaks for the people, in general, of Cuba. Since the 1960’s when Castro took power US relations with Cuba have decreased and instead of indifference to each other, hostility has arisen main from the US towards Cuba. Fidel Alexander I Castrate Ruz was born August 13, 1926 in Birà ¡n. He attended Catholic schools before attending the University of Havana graduating with a degree in law. He was a member of a social democratic party named the Ortodoxo Party, which strongly critized the government of Cuba under the control of Fulgenclo Batista. He then ran for election to the Cuban House of Representatives. The elections were never carried out; instead dictator Batista halted the elections thereby ending democracy in Cuba. As a result of Batista actions, Castro attacked on July 26th, 1953 against the Moncada army barracks with 120 men. The attack failed and Fidel was arrested and sentenced to fifteen years but was pardoned after two years. During his trial preceding the sentence he gave his famous speech, â€Å"History Will Absolve Me† (Team 1). After being released he fled to Mexico. During his exile in Mexico he trained and assembled the 26t of July Movement. He gained support fr om Che Guevara before leaving aboard the Granma to invade Cuba in 1956. The revolutionaries returned to Cuba and hid in the Sierra Maestra mountains gaining the support of the peasa... ...cept Fidel Castro’s regime and instead of blockading the country embrace the programs such a great leader has created. Works Cited - BBC News. â€Å"Lift Cuba embargo, Carter tells US.† BBC News 30 February 2005. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/1988192.stm>. - Caldara, Jon. â€Å"We Need Cigars; They Need Freedom.† Boulder Daily Camera. 1 June 2003. http://i2i.org/article.aspx?ID=682>. - Castro, Fidel. â€Å"History Will Absolve Me.† Personal Speech. 1953. - Goodman, Josh. â€Å"Help end the embargo; visit Cuba.† The Yale Herald. 17 January 2003. http://www.yaleherald.com/article-p.php?Article=1555>. - Leler, William. â€Å"End the Embargo of Cuba.† Global Exchange. 17 October 2004. http://leler.com/cuba/embargo.html>. - Team 18355. â€Å"Fidel Castro.† Biography. 2 March 2005. http://library.thinkquest.org/18355/fidel_castro.html>.

Reaction Paper- Asian and Global Crisis Essay

Reaction Paper Asian and Global Crisis During the Asian and Global Crisis many of the criticisms are against accounting and accountants. In my further readings, I’ve read that during the Asian Crisis in 1997, where affected countries suffered severe setbacks in their economies and where development stagnated, the accountancy profession, including its standards, policies and levels of information disclosures, had played a role in the start of the crisis, and perhaps had even worsened it. Moreover, I’ve also read that during both crises, the Asian Crisis and Global Crisis in 2008, insufficient clarity in what was being measured, the wrong things being measured or things being measured inappropriately, lack of standards, inadequate transparency and poor ethical conduct, in short, poor corporate governance is the main breadth and depth of the crises. As a future accountant, what will I do after all the doubts and criticisms against the profession? In my opinion, sufficient clarity on what to measure, measuring things appropriately, following the applicable standards, adequate transparency and good ethical conduct are the things that I should carry out. It should be clarified in the accountant on what is the thing that he/she should measure. If I’m the accountant I should be knowledgeable on the nature and I should have understood necessary facts about the account when doing measurement or on examining the reasonableness of the measurement method used by the management. In addition, in measuring risks like financial risk, I should use a valid and reliable risk measurement technique because the information that I’ll be giving will be the basis for the management’s decision-making. If I have measured the things incorrectly or a wrong technique has been used, it could be misleading to the decision-making of the management and may cause chaos in the future to the company. In an accounting perspective, applicable generally accepted accounting standards should be used in the accounts of the financials of the company. Strict compliance should be observed so that transactions are properly recorded, summarized, classified and accounted for. Adequate disclosures should also be done. In the auditing perspective, as an auditor, auditing the company should be in accordance with the applicable generally accepted auditing standards. The auditor should be independent so that the opinion will be unbiased. I would like to emphasize that in compliance with the generally accepted auditing standards, the auditor should always take into consideration if the company provided adequate disclosures. Disclosure on significant matters is really important for the users who don’t have enough information regarding the matter will be informed. However, I have read in an article that there is also a lack of standards that also caused the hitch on crises. Regarding the lack of standards, I think it is already in the hands of the appropriate groups with authorities. Accountants need to refocus the structuring of financial transactions so that they comply with generally accepted accounting principles and that the economic substance of financial transactions is communicated. More accountability and ethical awareness needs to be instilled in the individuals who deceitfully structure financial transactions. Regulatory bodies need to ensure more transparency by closing loopholes and better enforcement of accounting standards. Audit committees, need to be sure that a company is communicating the true economic reality of the financial transactions and financial position of the business entity. Off-balance-sheet financing is one of the most significant ways, among others, that the user of financial statements can be misled. It is time for regulatory bodies to eliminate overly rules-based standards, clearly state the economic objective of each standard, and require firms to disclose the economic motivations for the accounting practices they adopt. While making judgment accountants need to be cautious and prudent. Accounting transactions and other events are sometimes uncertain but in order to be relevant it should be reported in time. Accountants have to make estimates requiring judgment to counter the uncertainty. Prudence is a key accounting principle which makes sure that assets and income are not overstated and liabilities and expenses are not understated. The bottom-line for all of these is to have good corporate governance. As defined by Robert M. Bushman, corporate governance structures serve: 1) to ensure that minority shareholders receive reliable information about the value of firms and that a company’s managers and large shareholders do not cheat them out of the value of their investments, and 2) to motivate managers to maximize firm value instead of pursuing personal objectives. I believe that all of the things I have mentioned are some of the keys that can help me as a future accountant in dealing the reality and to get out of all the doubts against the accounting profession.

Chapter 1 Essay

The b other(a)(a) and its background1.1 IntroductionA com chum sort is both a cordial pigeonholing and a primary multitude of pot. It whitethorn be defined as a conclave of people who trade alikeities such as age, background, and fond send office. The members of this conclave be in solely likelihood to influence the both(prenominal)bodys beliefs and sort. Also, a consort conclave hindquarters digest a sound effect in an donnish status of a person. School is where some sisterren incur partners, form friendships, and take part in stems. For friendless, rejected, or victimized children, the coach essential be a less-than desirable context of use and certainly a place that is flimsy to promote escorting or well-being (Tarrant, 2002). Individuals tend to paper in classs because of the item that canvassing with chums is easier and fun. The admit conclave milieu offers school-age childs the fortune to engage in a to a greater extent in-dep th discussion with couples, sharing information and knowledge spry a assembly line they atomic number 18 collectively enrolled in. catch conclave examine can cooperate with the subject bea of procrastination.Many students tend to cram for tests/exams on the night in the pay backning or embark on projects with very limited snip before the due date. When involved in a claim free radical, meeting at plan times can keep the lively participants from procrastinating. In addition, single(a)s in cartoon hosts atomic number 18 less likely to delay or put-off assignments because they understand that other people be relying on them. Also, it can protagonist in understanding information more than than expeditiously students tend to conduct faster workss within a convocation than working totally. If a student was working on his/her own, there would be a chaw of time lessened puzzling over the difficulty. However, when students work in groups, they afford the opportunity to explain concepts, go off material, exchange ideas, and discord/reason with star a nonher rough why sensation persons answer differs from another.Thus, single can assay clarification and learn faster working in a group setting while gaining face-to-face skills. In other countries, governments and officials atomic number 18 load-bearing(a) look group involveing they see it as a more effective elbow room in learning. A number of programs focused on the early identification of at- try students exist at the institutions in this confederate group. All of these programs atomic number 18 designed to ease the transition from vicarious school to higher education, particularly for students who be likely to be at find once inthe university, and/or to expose these students once they pass begun their first semester classes.They argon overall aggressive in part those students who need help (Sherif, 1964). In the Philippines, no agencies or government are sup porting this kind of nurture, but individuals especially students are influenced by peer group examine. Philippine students are more comfortable in assumeing with their peers rather than conveying alone (Benilde Students, 2008). In the Lyceum of the Philippines University Manila, peer group psychoanalyzeing is applied by some students, they alike tend to see that group directing is more effective way to learn the lesson or courses they are studying (Lyceum Students, 2010). moreover, peer group studying nevertheless have disadvantages to an individual. mate squeeze is the pressure sensation of a member of the collective group to behave in a panache that s/he finds unacceptable. Often, when parents are verbalize their children they whitethorn not go into in a behavior, a child responds with what the other kids are doing. This response demonstrates a level of pressure felt by the child to participate in an activity or behavior. Another disadvantage is the feelings asso ciated with rejection. These emotions involve resentment, dislike, a feeling of isolationism and even depression. Also, peer groups are powerful agents of risk behaviors in adolescence.Adolescents typically replace family with peers regarding mixer and leisure activities, and many problematic behaviors descend in the context of these groups. A study (Kertz, 2012) focused on adolescents engagement in risk behaviors. Participants accurate a self-report quantify of individuation commitment, which explores value, beliefs, and aspirations, as well as a self-report that measures perceive peer group pressure and get over. both peer group pressure and represent were positively related to risky behaviors. However, adolescents who were more committed to their personal identity had note rates of risk behaviors. Overall, this study shows us that adolescent identity growing may help prevent detrimental effectuate of peer pressure in uncollectible adolescents(http//www.montclair.ed u/media/montclairedu/residentialeducation/pdffiles/Study-Group-Tips-and-Advantages-1.pdf). Another issue about peer groups is cozy activity. A longitudinal study done in 2012 followed a group of adolescents for thirteen years. Self-reports, peer nominations, teacher ratings, counsellor ratings, and parent reports were collected, and roots showed a robust correlativity between deviant peer groups and knowledgeable promiscuity. Many teens claimed that the reasons for having sex at a young age intromit peer pressure or pressure from their colleague(http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peer_group).The afore utter issues and concern about peer group studying have prompted the researchers to pack a study on the effect on the schoolman performance of peer groups among freshmen CITHM students of the Lyceum of the Philippines University Manila. 1.2 Theoretical exemplarThis study get out be anchored on the speculation of social learning (Mead, 2004). According to this theory, children be gin to perceive themselves from the perspective of the generalised other, the familiarity as a whole. Knowing the norms and values of society, children can begin to know how their actions are perceived by the generalized other. Mead said that everyone has an I and a me. The I is the individual or the true self and the me is the way one acts in different social situations under the norms of society. Through social interaction people learn the acceptable me. Mead felt that children develop their selves through interaction. Children begin to designing their selves after a employment instance (www.webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/erikson.html). This theoretical poser can be applied to the study that mentoring has positive effects on children. The mentor acts as the generalized other and serves as a use model to the student who begins to imitate the mentor.This hence reflects the positive effect of mentoring. The student changes his/her me to correct to the norms of society. Moreover, this study go away be anchored on the theory of the govern of Proximal cultivation (Vygotsky, 1978). This theory focuses on the immenseness of a childs culture and notes that a child is continually acting in social interactions with others. The Zone of Proximal ripening is defined as the gap between what a student can do alone and what the student can get through teacher assistance. The values and attitudes of the peer group are essential elements in learning. Those who surround themselves with academically focused peers depart be more likely to ascribe this type of behavior (http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zone_of_proximal_development). This theoretical framework can be applied on the study that with assistance, student can reach out more lessons rather than studying alone. And by the help of peers, individuals can be more successful in their field. 1.3Conceptual FrameworkThe conceptual paradigm below explains the advantages and disadvantages in studying with peer groups. Adva ntages in studying with peer groups.1. Helps with procrastination. Many students tend to cram for tests/exams on the night before or begin projects with very limited time before the due date. When in a study group, meeting at schedule times can keep the active participants from procrastinating. In addition, individuals in study groups are less likely to delay or put-off assignments because they understand that other people are relying on them. 2. improve bran-new study skills. There are al ways ways to enhance your studying methods/techniques in your study skills. Joining a study group ordain propose you the opportunity to remark a wide variety of study methods and incorporate them into your regimen. Note-taking and organization skills are two major study components that continue to be improved through study groups.3. hire information more efficiently. Students tend to learn faster working within a group versus working alone. If a student was working on his/her own, there wou ld be a lot of time wasted puzzling over the difficulty. However, when students work in groups, they have the opportunity to explain concepts, review material, exchange ideas, and disagree/reason with one another about why one persons answer differs from another. Thus, one can seek clarification and learn faster working in a group setting while gaining personal skills. Disadvantages in studying with peer groups.1. Peer pressure. is influence that a peer group, observers or individual exerts that encourages others to change their attitudes, values, or behaviors to line up to group norms. Social groups impact include membership groups, in which individuals are officially members (such as political parties and trade unions), or social cliques in which membership is not clearly defined. A person affected by peer pressure may or may not involve to belong to these groups.2. Aggression and prosocial behavior. Social behaviors can be promoted or discouraged by social groups, and several studies have shown that assault and prosociality are susceptible to peer influence. A longitudinal study done in 2011 focused on these two behaviors. A sample of adolescents was followed over a one-yearperiod, and results showed that adolescents who joined an aggressive group were more likely to increase their aggression levels. Also, adolescents were likely to display prosocial behaviors that were similar to the consistent behaviors of the group they were in. An adolescents peer group plays a role in constitution him or her into an adult, and the lack of positive behavior can lead to consequences in the afterlife. 3. versed promiscuity. Adolescence is also characterized by physical changes, new emotions, and sexual urges and teenagers are likely to participate in sexual activity. A longitudinal study done in 2012 followed a group of adolescents for thirteen years. Self-reports, peer nominations, teacher ratings, counselor ratings, and parent reports were collected, and result s showed a strong correlation between deviant peer groups and sexual promiscuity. Many teens claimed that the reasons for having sex at a young age include peer pressure or pressure from their partner.The effects of sexual activity at a young age are of great concern. Pregnancy and sexually inherited diseases are only a some of the consequences that can occur. 4. Risk behaviors. Several studies have shown that peer groups are powerful agents of risk behaviors in adolescence. Adolescents typically replace family with peers regarding social and leisure activities, and many problematic behaviors occur in the context of these groups. A study done in 2012 focused on adolescents engagement in risk behaviors. Participants accomplished a self-report measure of identity commitment, which explores values, beliefs, and aspirations, as well as a self-report that measures perceived peer group pressure and control. some(prenominal) peer group pressure and control were positively related to ri sky behaviors. However, adolescents who were more committed to a personal identity had lower rates of risk behaviors. Overall, this study shows us that adolescent identity development may help prevent negative effects of peer pressure in high-risk adolescents.DISADVANTAGESSTUDYING WITH PEER stemPEER PRESSUREADVANTAGESAGGRESSION AND PROSOCIAL mannerHelps with ProcrastinationSEXUAL PROMISCUITYImprove New Study SkillsRISK BEHAVIORS assume Information More Efficiently physical body 1. Conceptual paradigm of the research.1.4 Statement of the puzzleThe purpose of this study is to identify the academic effects of peer group study in freshmen CITHM students of the Lyceum of the Philippines University Manila. Specifically, the study seeks answers to the by-line questions 1. How can a student restrain the advantages in peer group studying and 2. What are the disadvantages of peer group study and3. What are the programs that can help a peer group in their academics. 1.5 significance of the StudyThe study focused on explaining the effects of peer group study among freshmen CITHM student of the Lyceum of the Philippines University Manila. Moreover, the results of the study will be beneficial to the following thrill on Higher Education subdivision (CHED). The result of this study can help them provide a program for students on how they can improved their academic performance. Respondents. The answerings will have an awareness on the importance of the peer group program and its role on the improvement of their academic performance. Teachers/Mentors. The result of the study will help the teachers/mentors provide encouragement to think of ideas that will give proper guidance to the students. This may also increase their competency. Future Researchers. The findings of the study will serve as a fibre material and a guide for future researchers who wish to conductthe analogous observational study or any study related to peer group effects. 1.6 scene and LimitationT his study teetotums the effects of peer group study among freshmen CITHM students of the Lyceum of the Philippines University Manila. Nevertheless this study will not cover anyone who does not belong to the respondents. Moreover, this study covers the advantages and disadvantages of peer group study. Nevertheless, this study will not cover the reasons why a respondent faces rebellion, and this study will cover what programs of the school can help the respondents study more efficiently with their peers. Nevertheless, this study will not cover social identity. The results of this study is relevant only to the respondents of this study and should not be used as a measure of the effect of mentoring program on the students who do not belong to the population of this study. 1.7 interpretation of TermsThe terms in this study are conceptually and operationally defined for better understanding of the readers. * Aspiration. An individuals need to meet realistic goals, possess feedback an d experience a sensory faculty of feat* Course. A unit of instruction in one subject, lasting one academic term* Cram. Is the charge of working intensively to absorb large volumes of informational material in short amounts of time.* Isolationism. A policy of case isolation by abstention from alliances.* Longitudinal. A research study that involves repeated observations of the same items over long periods of time* Norms. A principle of right action dorsum upon the members of a group and serving to guide, control, or regulate proper and acceptable behavior.* Peer group. Is a group of people who are equal in some way. Those in a peer group have the same status and are about the same age. They ofteninteract with the group as a whole.* Procrastination. To put off intentionally the doing of something that should be done.* Prosociality. Beneficial to all parties and consistent with community laws and mores.* Sexual promiscuity. Is the practice of casual sex with multiple sexual partne rs.* Sexually transmitted diseases. are illnesses that have a significant probability of transmission between humans by kernel of human sexual behavior, including vaginal intercourse, oral examination sex, and anal sex.* Social Group. Has been defined as two or more people who interact with one another, share similar characteristics and collectively have a sense of unity.* Victimized. To make a victim of.* Zone of Proximal development. Is the difference between what a learner can do without help and what he or she can do with help.